What's Behind Those ATM Fees-and Why Should I Care?
Most consumers who have bank accounts have had occasion to
use an ATM. While many ATMs can multi-task—accept deposits, transfer money,
etc.—most people just use them for taking out cash. There are over 400,000 ATMs
operating in the U.S. today. About half are controlled by banks and the other
half by independent
ATM owners or merchants.
If you’re of a certain age and remember writing checks to “Cash”
and trying to find a bank that would take your check when you needed some "street money," as we say, an ATM is nothing short of a miracle. But the downside of ATMs in getting stuck
with the fees charged to use them.
A group of U.S. senators thinks that downside is pretty
steep, so they commissioned the General
Accountability Office to study them. The GAO, in a report published this past
April not only looked into fees, but also into the business dynamics of the ATM
industry. What they found may surprise you.
The “fee” charged to use an ATM will vary by the owner, much
in the same way that rental car fees or hotel rates differ by company based on
that company’s business case. In the case of ATMs, there is no “fee,” but a
series of fees. For example, using the ATMs owned by the bank that issued your
ATM card is generally part of the deal. But if you use a machine not owned by
your bank, you’re likely to be assessed a surcharge of a couple of bucks. In addition,
when you use someone else’s machine, your bank is likely to charge you an
additional “foreign” fee for having to tell another ATM owner that you have
enough money to cover the transaction.
On top of those, your bank will have to pay the ATM owner an
“interchange” fee to
compensate the foreign owner for the use of his machine. Interchange fees charged
by banks to merchants for accepting their debit cards have been become such a
bone of contention that Congress in 2010 instituted price caps on them.
There are also “switch” and “acquiring”
fees that are paid to the electronic networks that move the transactions back
and forth between banks and ATMs.
If all of this sounds pretty arcane, it is. The GAO has
tried to sort through the details in its April 2013 report. There are really
three factors that underlie the ATM fees. The first is competition. Consumers
may pay a certain surcharge in an area where there is an ATM on every corner.
On the other hand, use an ATM where the owner has a captive audience—such as a
mall or an airport, where it may be the exclusive provider—and you’ll probably
pay more.
The second factor that drives fees is the cost to operate a certain
machine. Independently owned machines placed in areas where they are subject to
damage or additional security requirements are likely to feature higher
surcharges to help recover the higher cost of operation. Banks, which may use
ATMs to advertise other services or attract new customers, may feature lower
fees because costs may be offset by other sources of revenue.
A third factor is usage. The more transactions that flow
through an ATM the greater the base over which the operating costs can be spread.
A machine that sees less activity has fewer units (transactions) over which to
spread its costs, resulting in higher pricing per unit at that machine.
Consumers who wish to lessen the cost of ATM usage have a
few options. Many banks and ATM owners belong to so-called “surcharge-free”
networks. These networks work out deals with ATM owners that allow consumers to
use their machines free of surcharging. Consumers can also restrict their ATM
usage to their own bank’s machines. This will eliminate surcharges and foreign
fees. Third, consumers can work ahead on their cash needs and request cash back
when they use their card at a merchant point-of-sale terminal so they don’t
have to visit an ATM quite as often. There’s no need to be paying top dollar
every time you use an ATM when these options are available.
If this sounds like humdrum Consumer Economics 101, that’s
because it is. These are the same pricing decisions that any business—large or
small—goes through. American consumers are pretty savvy but they need to
remember that when they pay to use an ATM what they’re buying is convenience.
With a little information they can figure out how much ATM convenience they
want to buy.
Nevertheless, look for Congress to use the
GAO’s extensive report as justification for rounding up the usual financial
industry suspects for hearings on the subject of ATM fees. If past is prologue
expect significant political pressure on ATM owners and their profitability. And
if that results in elimination of the least profitable of those 400,000 ATMs,
the convenience that ATMs offer will become a lot less convenient for consumers—and
a little bit more expensive.